A good wife

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A good wife should be the mistress of her home, having under her care all that is within it, according to the rules we have laid down. She should allow none to enter without her husband’s knowledge, dreading above all things the gossip of gadding women, which tends to poison the soul. She alone should have knowledge of what happens within. She must exercise control of the money spent on such festivities as her husband has approved—keeping, moreover, within the limit set by law upon expenditure, dress, and ornament—and remembering that beauty depends not on costliness of raiment. Nor does abundance of gold so conduce to the praise of a woman as self-control in all that she does. This, then, is the province over which a woman should be minded to bear an orderly rule; for it seems not fitting that a man should know all that passes within the house. But in all other matters, let it be her aim to obey her husband; giving no heed to public affairs, nor having any part in arranging the marriages of her children. Rather, when the time shall come to give or receive in marriage sons or daughters, let her then hearken to her husband in all respects, and agreeing with him obey his wishes. It is fitting that a woman of a well-ordered life should consider that her husband’s wishes are as laws appointed for her by divine will, along with the marriage state and the fortune she shares. If she endures them with patience and gentleness, she will rule her home with ease; otherwise, not so easily. Therefore not only when her husband is in prosperity and good report must she be in agreement with him, and to render him the service he wills, but also in times of adversity. If, through sickness or fault of judgement, his good fortune fails, then must she show her quality, encouraging him ever with words of cheer and yielding him obedience in all fitting ways—only let her do nothing base or unworthy.

 

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Let her refrain from all complaint, nor charge him with the wrong, but rather attribute everything of this kind to sickness or ignorance or accidental errors. Therefore, she will serve him more assiduously than if she had been a slave bought and taken home. For he has indeed bought her with a great price–with partnership in his life and in the procreation of children….Let her bethink herself how Alcestis would never have attained such renown nor Penelope have deserved all the high praises bestowed on her had not their husbands known adversity. To find partners in prosperity is easy enough; but only the best women are ready to share in adversity.Such then is the pattern of the rules and ways of living which a good wife will observe. And the rules which a good husband will follow in treatment of his wife will be similar; seeing that she has entered his home like a suppliant from without, and is pledged to be the partner of his life and parenthood; and that the offspring she leaves behind her will bear the names of their parents, her name as well as his. And what could be more divine than this, or more desired by a man of sound mind, than to beget by a noble and honored wife children who shall be the most loyal supporters and discreet guardians of their parents in old age, and the preservers of the whole house? Rightly reared by father and mother, children will grow up virtuous, as those who have treated them piously and righteously deserve that they should; but parents who observe not these precepts will be losers thereby. For unless parents have given their children an example how to live, the children in their turn will be able to offer a fair and specious excuse for undutifulness. Such parents will risk being rejected by their offspring for their evil lives, and thus bring destruction upon their own heads. Therefore his wife’s training should be the object of a man’s unstinting care; that so far as is possible their children may spring from the noblest of stock. For it is only by this means that each mortal, successively produced, participates in immortality; and that petitions and prayers continue to be offered to ancestral gods. So that he who thinks lightly of this would seem also to be slighting the gods. For their sake then, in whose presence he offered sacrifice and led his wife home, promising to honor her far above all others saving his parents, a man must have care for wife and children. Now a virtuous wife is best honored when she sees that her husband is faithful to her, and has no preference for another woman; but before all others loves and trusts her and holds her as his own. And so much the more will the woman seek to be what he accounts her. If she perceives that her husband’s affection for her is faithful and righteous, she too will be faithful and righteous towards him. Therefore it befits not a man of sound mind to bestow his person promiscuously, or have random intercourse with women; for otherwise the base-born will share in the rights of his lawful children, and his wife will be robbed of her honor due, and shame be attached to his sons.And it is fitting that he should approach his wife in honor, full of self-restraint and awe; and in his conversation with her, should use only the words of a right-minded man, suggesting only such acts as are themselves lawful and honorable. And if through ignorance she has done wrong, he should advise her of it in a courteous and modest manner. For of fear there are two kinds. The fear which virtuous and honorable sons feel towards their fathers, and loyal citizens towards right-minded rulers, has for its companions reverence and modesty; but the other kind, felt by slaves for masters and by subjects for despots who treat them with injustice and wrong, is associated with hostility and hatred. By choosing the better of all these alternatives a husband should secure the agreement, loyalty, and devotion of his wife, so that whether he himself is present or not, there may be no difference in her attitude towards him, since she realizes that they are alike guardians of the common interests; and so when he is away she may feel that to her no man is kinder or more virtuous or more truly hers than her own husband. And if the husband learns first to master himself, he will thereby become his wife’s best guide in all the affairs of life, and will teach her to follow his example.

 

 

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Classical and Contemporary Liberal Views

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Introduction

All liberals desire to promote the liberties of all individuals. This is the common goal that united all the liberals since the establishment of capitalism in the 18th century. However, during the industrial revolution, several issues came to light leaving the liberals divided. It became apparent that a free society without enough intervention by the government led to the oppression of some groups while others benefited. This division gave rise to a new liberal view that cared about the welfare of each member of society. Others remained with the earlier liberal views referred to as the classical liberal view. There are key differences between classical and contemporary liberal views.

Key Differences Between the Classic and Contemporary Liberal Views of the Resources Government Must Provide to Insure the Basic Freedom of Citizens

Differences between the classical and contemporary liberal views partly stem from the definition of the term freedom. Classical liberalists in the 18th and 19th centuries viewed freedom as the lack of restraint. In the wake of the industrial revolution that saw a surge in industrialization, classical liberals demanded economic freedom (Ball et al. 67). This meant that they expected the nobles to abolish restraints against trade by the middle class. A free-market driven by capitalism would benefit the common citizen as well as society. Contemporary liberals, on the other hand, view freedom as both the lack of restraint and the empowerment of individuals (Ball et al. 76). In both cases, the liberals agree that the government has a role to play to ensure these freedoms. However, classical liberals believe that the government has a lesser role to play as compared to contemporary liberals. A group of liberals referred to as neo-classical maintained that the role of government in supporting individual rights should be reduced to a night watchman (Ball et al. 75). Thus classical liberals define freedom differently from contemporary liberals.

 

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Classical Liberals

Classical Liberals believe that the government should provide resources that promote economic freedom as a means of ensuring basic individual freedoms. These include infrastructure, lack of economic restrictions, free trade between countries, defense from foreign invasion, and promotion of justice and order through property rights. Infrastructure such as roads, harbors, railway, and waterways are meant to boost trade through easy transport of raw materials and finished goods. Classical liberals also demand that the government should reduce restrictions against free trade. In previous centuries such as the 17th and 18th centuries, only a few privileged benefited from economic growth. This led to classical liberals coming up with capitalism (Ball et al. 67). Thus, in this case, the government is expected to facilitate free competition. National security also promotes freedom by ensuring a safe environment for trading activities. Finally, classical liberals expect the government to provide a justice system that protects people’s property and maintains order (Ball et al. 69). In a classical liberal’s view, these resources are sufficient to guarantee that the citizens’ rights are safeguarded.

Contemporary liberals

Contemporary liberals expect the government to provide resources that empower individuals as a means of promoting their basic freedoms. Such resources include public schools, hospitals, aid to the needy and disadvantaged, regulations regarding working conditions, and affirmative action programs. Furthermore, resources should be allocated to helping the disadvantaged enjoy equal opportunity and regulating economic competition. When it comes to public schools, education is indeed a tool that empowers the people (Ball et al. 77). A contemporary liberal does not believe an uneducated person to be truly free as opposed to a classical liberal. Another related issue is health. An ailing person cannot claim to be truly free and empowered. As such, the government is expected to establish hospitals effective in treating various maladies. This class of liberals also believes that the rights of the needy and disadvantaged cannot be ignored. Such groups should be covered by various effective programs. Working conditions should be regulated by the law to ensure that the workers are not exploited. Unlike the classical liberals’ view  that the government should not interfere in free competition, contemporary liberals argue that the government should regulate economic competition to ensure fair trade. Finally, affirmative programs allow the empowerment of previously discriminated groups (Ball et al. 84). These resources ensure that the basic rights of individuals are not infringed upon.

Political Liberty

The understanding of human nature and society is different for contemporary and classical liberals. This can be deduced from their respective definition of human rights. Classical liberals view people as being driven by self-interests and passion. This is the mindset that drove Adam Smith (1723-1790) to promote the view of capitalism (Ball et al. 67). Together with other capitalists, Smith argued that if people are left to trade privately, they are capable of improving their wellbeing. Later on, it emerged that such rights only favored the middle class while the working class was exploited. Classical liberals believed that this was simply natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. Those who followed this line of thought believed that human beings were meant to freely compete with each other. In such a scenario, only the strongest would emerge as successful. Thus, classical liberals such as Herbert Spencer (1820-1903) believed that the government should not interfere in the free market (Ball et al. 75). In contrast, contemporary liberals view human beings as social beings who rely on each other. As such, they work to promote the welfare of all citizens including the minority and disadvantaged. These differing views of human nature are portrayed in the definition of basic human rights.

 

Classical liberals understand political liberty differently from contemporary liberals. Indeed, both schools of thought believe in political liberties as characterized by great political movements such as the French revolution (Ball et al. 63). However, their views on human nature factored in their views towards political liberty. Classical liberals aim to reduce the powers of the government. This means that the people are left to live their lives freely with the common view that they will choose the best actions for themselves. As such matters such as democracy do not play a huge role in such a society. In contrast, contemporary liberals seek to increase the powers of the government. This philosophy was ushered in by the utilitarians who argued that a government is necessary to enable the creation of utility for the majority as per the principle of utility (Ball et al. 71). Therefore, contemporary liberals believe that the government should have much power to improve the welfare of every citizen. To realize this goal, people must participate in the government, hence a democracy. Political liberty hence plays a bigger role in contemporary than classical liberals.

Response to Affirmative Action

The issue of affirmative action would be opposed by a classical liberal. This is because such liberals do not believe in any interference on people’s rights except to safeguard such rights. Affirmative action favors certain minority groups who have been discriminated against. This is not acceptable to a classical liberal. This issue was at the center of discussion during the 19th century. Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species’ (1859), fueled this conversation by claiming that nature dictates the survival of the fittest and natural selection (Ball et al. 75). This means that people should be left to struggle among themselves, each driven by their self-interests. If any individuals should be disadvantaged, then that is just nature’s way. Hence, classical liberals believe in equal opportunities whether at schools or work.

Contemporary liberals advocate for affirmative action. The welfare of the majority is at the heart of such freedom. In society, cases arise whereby a certain group is discriminated against. Such groups include women in general, whose rights have been violated. Another common example is the discrimination faced by the black population in the US in the past and even up to date. To compensate for such past injustices that may have left such groups lagging, contemporary liberals maintain that they should be allowed preference in hiring and slots in institutions of learning (Ball et al. 84). Other groups include the special needs people such as handicapped. As it is expected, such groups are disadvantaged and are not in a position to compete fairly with other citizens. To correct this, a contemporary liberal would support affirmative action.

Conclusion

The aim of all liberals, both classical and contemporary is to promote individual freedoms. However, the means of achieving this aim differs for the different groups. This is because the two views define freedoms differently.

 

Work Cited

Ball, Terence, Richard Dagger, and Daniel I. O’Neill. Political ideologies and the democratic ideal. Taylor & Francis, 2016.

 

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Cathedral Visit and Reflection Paper

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The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels is no ordinary building. It appears to have been designed with the intent of portraying the nature of God, as we understand Him limitedly. Its outside beauty is captivating. The light-tan pigmented concrete surface stands out in the daylight. The windows are unique, but even more distinctive are the angles that the building takes. Unlike the traditional right angles we are accustomed to, the Cathedral takes a series of acute and obtuse angles to add to its majestic and complicated appearance. Looking at it, one cannot help but relate this to God.

The architect could have simplified his work by using right angles, but, this would not have depicted God’s ways. God cannot be simplified. As much as we try to understand God, our human minds are unable to grasp his full glory.[1] It is, therefore, a common occurrence for us, Christians, to try and simplify God’s mysterious ways to something that we can understand. Bevans attempts to explain this by quoting Augustine’s words which are, “If you were able to understand, then you understood something else instead of God” (Bevans 11). The unique angles and many facets, in a way, portray the complex nature of God which we cannot fully comprehend.

 

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The walk from the street towards the entrance of the Cathedral is quite lengthy. This is a good thing as it offers a transition from the outside world to the holy place. Along the beautiful path as I approached the entrance, I thought of Moses approaching the burning bush in the Old Testament (New International Bible, Exodus 3. 1-6). I could feel an intuition that I am entering into a holy place. The Cathedral’s interior offers a whole experience of beauty. The natural lighting falls through the unique windows outdoing the electrical lighting. Light is of great importance to Christianity. Jesus said that He is the light of the world (John 8.12). Further back in the book of Exodus when God’s glory had passed by Moses, his face shone as was noticed by the Israelites (Exodus 34.29-30). This suggests that brightness was involved. Similarly in the book of Acts, as Saul was heading to Damascus, Jesus appeared to him in the form of a bright light shining from heaven (Acts 9.3). The Cathedral’s window on the eastern side casts a silhouette of a large concrete cross above the altar. If there is darkness, then this shadow of the cross would not be cast onto the altar. Similarly, God cannot reveal himself to us in darkness. For us to experience His glory then we must open up our hearts and this includes shunning evil. Bevans notes that faith and revelation must go hand in hand (Bevans 27). God cannot reveal himself to one who does not believe in Him and the resurrection of Christ.

The Cathedral’s mausoleum is located one floor beneath. The lighting is achieved through many large stained windows. At the entrance are two beautiful guardian angels’ etchings holding torches. The atmosphere is peaceful as if suggesting the purpose of the mausoleum. In this place, our departed loved ones can find a place to rest in peace due to the numerous crypts and urn spaces. Walking through the mausoleum, my attention was drawn to the various crypts with names on them. The crypts differ from the traditional tombstones we are accustomed to. Their beauty offers a different meaning to death. That it is in a way, beautiful. After all, we, who believe in God, are assured of eternal and everlasting life. It is also a reminder that we do not belong in this world and instead are only passers-by. I realize that Bevan was correct when he stated that one of the ways we experience revelation is through our own life experiences (Bevans 18). In O’Connor’s story,[2] the character, Mrs. Turpin also experiences revelation as she goes through her day activities (O’Connor 122). Through my revelation at the mausoleum, I feel even stronger in my faith in the Lord, knowing that even after death, I shall not perish but rather have everlasting life.

There are many aspects of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels that we can relate to God. Some of these include God’s mysterious ways, revelation by God, and our faith in Him. The Cathedral’s unique and unconventional angles portray God’s enigmatic ways. Other beautiful designs such as the lighting, etchings, and mausoleum offer revelation that can only be attained through faith.

 

Word Count: 786 words

 

Works Cited

Bevans, Stephen B. An introduction to theology in global perspective. Orbis Books, 2009.

O’Connor, Flannery, and Robert Ellsberg. Flannery O’Connor: Spiritual Writings. Orbis Books, 2003.

The Bible. New international version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1984.

[1] Bevans talks extensively about knowing the unknowable God. See Bevans 10-13.

[2] O’Connor narrates about Mrs. Turpin whose experience at the doctor’s waiting room leads her to a reflection and ultimately, revelation. See O’Connor 99-124

 

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Letter to my professor on grade improvement

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TO: Professor’s Name
FROM: Your Name
DATE: Assignment’s Due Date
RE: Improving My Grade

Dear (Professor’s name and title)

I am writing to inquire about improving my grade in the course. Regrettably, my last grade was poor and disheartening for me. I honestly believed that I would receive a better grade given that I worked hard on that paper. However, given the poor grade, it appears that the paper was insufficient in one way or the other. I really wish to rectify this situation. There must be crucial academic areas that I need to improve on. Perhaps it might be the grammar, the overall paper organization, citations, or even research. My goal is and has always been to achieve better grades by giving my best in my assignments and I believe that there is always room for improvement.

I kindly request that you may offer assistance as well as guidance on how I can improve so that I may achieve a better grade next time. Given your vast academic knowledge, I know that I am in safe hands. I am ready to welcome any suggestions as well as valuable lessons from you. Kindly go through my paper again and advise me on the areas that I can improve on. Your assistance will be greatly appreciated and I am optimistic that my academic journey will get better. I look forward to hearing from you.

Best Regards

(Student Name)

TO: Insert Professor’s Name
FROM: Insert Your Name
DATE: Insert Assignment’s Due Date
RE: Passing My Class

Dear (Professor’s name and title)

I wish to request for your assistance in passing my class. Some of my previous grades have been very poor. Due to this, I am worried that I might not pass my class. Additionally, I feel frustrated given that I do not know which steps to take to enable me to improve upon my grades. I really want to pass this class. My determination is high and my passion unmatched.

To enable me to achieve this feat, I humbly request that you may offer me your guidance. I will embrace your wisdom and knowledge to enable me to strive for excellence. Furthermore, I assure you that a will heed to your advice and put it all to practice. I will greatly appreciate any form of assistance that you may offer. I also eagerly look forward to hearing from you regarding this matter.

 

Best Regards

(Student Name)

 

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An Analysis of the Heinz Dilemma using Different Ethical theories

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Introduction

The line between what is right or wrong is not always very clear. Consequently, we are constantly presented with moral dilemmas that require debating on a philosophical level. Luckily, several ethical theories have been proposed by moral philosophers and ethicists. These theories are useful in assessing whether an action is right or wrong. They include those which are principled and those which are not. For instance: deontological, utilitarian, Care and virtue ethics. This essay examines the Heinz dilemma and assesses Heinz’s actions using different ethical theories, to determine whether he did the right thing.

A Utilitarian’s Response to the Heinz Dilemma

Let’s take utilitarianism into consideration. This is an ethical theory which argues on the morality of an action based on utility. This is to say that a utilitarian considers the action that offers the best outcomes as the right action. In other words, the goodness of action lays entirely on the outcomes it produces (Mill 339). If we argue the Heinz dilemma from a utilitarian’s point of view, then Heinz’s did the right thing by breaking into the laboratory and stealing the drug since this is the action that maximizes utility.

Heinz’s dilemma included the option of waiting for his wife to die since he could not afford the medicine or stealing the medicine in which case his wife would be healed. If he were not to steal the medicine, the outcomes would include him not breaking the law and remaining a free man and a law-abiding citizen. On the other hand though and even more unfortunate, his wife would die. If he were to steal the medicine, his wife would live but he would have to pay for his crime by serving a sentence in jail away from his wife.

Utilitarianism applies the principle of utility by picking the action that produces the outcomes with the most goodness. The utility that would come out of not stealing the medicine is that Heinz would not serve a prison sentence. He would, however, be a sad man for losing his wife. By stealing, the utility would include saving his wife’s life. Although he will serve a short sentence, he would be reunited with his wife afterward. Thus, in this case, the action with the best outcomes and most utility is stealing the medicine. For this reason, Heinz’s actions to steal the medicine are right from a utilitarian point of view.

 

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A Virtue Ethicist’s Response to the Heinz Dilemma

Virtue ethicists insist on the role of virtues and character that one possesses. Thus, this moral philosophy is not guided by a certain imperative that we should adhere to as is the case with deontological ethics. Neither does it focus on the outcomes as utilitarianism does, but rather on the virtuous nature of a person. Aristotle put forward the fact that a virtuous person is one who possesses ideal character traits and acts in the right way because that is their character (Hutchinson 81).

Let’s apply virtue ethics to the Heinz dilemma. In this case, the determination of whether Heinz’s actions were right or wrong is based on whether he acted as an agent of goodness. Is Heinz a virtuous person? According to Aristotle, his understanding of character is that one should possess the right inner state. Such states should automatically guide the appropriate action to take. It is clear that Heinz was driven by love and care for his wife. Both these are virtues which can be used to justify his actions. However, the controversy comes in Heinz’s actions to steal which cannot be considered as an ideal character trait as Aristotle labeled them.

At this point, it is significant to consider Aristotelian virtues. Virtue ethics further consider the purpose of the action. It is not enough to act virtuously but furthermore, one must consciously choose the right action. This is to mean that the action undertaken must have a purpose for the good. Also, one is supposed to act with reason, which is man’s highest function to bring about happiness and well-being with respect to Eudaimonism. Additionally, Aristotle is careful to note that ethics are imprecise and can therefore not be held accountable to a single principle as is the case in utilitarianism.

Now considering all this, by stealing, Heinz not only acted out of virtues of care and love but also with the purpose of the well-being and happiness of his wife given that his wife would live. If he had not stolen the medicine and sat back to watch as his wife died, then such action is not virtuous and lacks any function. If anything, it can only be regarded as negligence on his part as well a lack of reasoning which virtue ethics hold in high regard. When it comes to this issue of stealing, this can be defended by Aristotle’s admission that matters of ethics are flexible and not answerable to any particular principle. It is enough the Heinz acted with virtue and a good purpose. For this reason, Heinz’s actions were right.

 

 

An Analysis of Utilitarianism and Virtue-based ethics

Each of the above normative ethical theories has its strengths as well as its shortcomings, even though they both arrive at the same conclusion regarding the Heinz dilemma. Utilitarianism is good in that it considers the well-being of Heinz’s wife. It, however, fails to consider the harm that may be done to ensure her well-being. Its principled nature does not allow the analysis of all the factors. The only thing that matters is the outcome. Thus, it does not address the fact that he stole hence lacking flexibility.

Virtue ethics, on the other hand, is broad and thus not limited to a singular principle. For this reason, it can be easily applied to many dilemmas such as the one presented before Heinz. The morality of Heinz’s actions is judged based on his character and virtues as well as his purpose and reason. Every aspect is therefore evaluated. Additionally, it is a theory that encourages people to be moral agents.

Based on this analysis, virtue ethics should be applied in assessing Heinz’s case instead of utilitarianism. It promotes goodness in people, encourages people to mind other’s well-being, and encompasses a wide range of virtues. On the contrary, utilitarianism is limited and does not consider the wrongs done, only the utility of the outcomes.

Conclusion

Based on both utilitarian theory and virtue-based ethics, Heinz should have broken into the laboratory and stolen the drug. Reasoning from utilitarianism, stealing the drug results in the best utility while also upon reasoning from virtue-based ethics, stealing the drug proves that Heinz possesses virtues of love and care and purposes to do well.

Works Cited

Hutchinson, Douglas S. The virtues of Aristotle. Routledge, 2015.

Mill, John Stuart. “Utilitarianism.” Seven masterpieces of philosophy. Routledge, 2016. 337-383.

 

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Expensive Items Are Better Than Cheap Items

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Expensive products are usually of the best quality and hence worth every single penny (Bowen, 2018). So why would someone go for an item of questionable quality simply for having the lowest sticker price? In most cases, the total cost for a quality product will actually be less compared to that of the cheap one, considering the maintenance costs, total usage lifespan before its replacement as well as the opportunity cost of time taken when the need of fixing the cheap item intensifies (Buckley & Casson, 2016). Thus my thesis is that expensive items are better than cheap items because they not only last longer and save space but also buying them is more ethical and influences the caring culture.

An expensive item lasts longer and therefore one tends to do less shopping. If there is less shopping there is less money spent and fewer trips made to the malls. By spending less time in the shopping malls it means there is a reduced buying temptation thus saving one from impulse buying. Also, buying expensive quality products saves one from time wasted doing shopping on several occasions and in turn one is able to utilize that time in doing other better things like reading, making plans for a business, writing or even making music (Goldratt & Cox, 2016). Quality item is, therefore, more sustainable and can be donated for charity or be resold once someone decides he no longer needs the item.

Buying expensive quality products is more ethical. Quality products are less wasteful hence preventing environmental damages. Expensive products also promote safe practices such as non-exploitation of workers (Charter & Tischner, 2017). In most cases, cheap products are as a result of underpaying laborers in developing countries and the use of unsafe practices.

People with expensive products tend to save more space and time. The lesser the items one haves the lesser space is utilized and the lesser time is spent doing the cleaning (Crane & Matten, 2016). For instance, people with a small house will have clear space filled with important useful items rather than several cupboards filled with useless items.

Expensive items make one develop a caring culture for the item. Once someone purchases an expensive item they tend to take too much care of the product. Buying an expensive product means choosing quality over quantity (Crane & Matten, 2016). The extra investment an individual makes in making the purchase motivates one to take more care of the item.

In conclusion, expensive items are better in all aspects as they tend to last longer, are more sustainable, less shopping’s are made, saves more space and also influences the care one to have for the item.

 

References

Bowen, H. (2018). Investment in learning: The individual and social value of American higher education. Routledge.

Buckley, P. J., & Casson, M. (2016). The future of the multinational enterprise. Springer.

Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2016). Business ethics: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.

Charter, M., & Tischner, U. (Eds.). (2017). Sustainable solutions: developing products and services for the future. Routledge.

Goldratt, E. M., & Cox, J. (2016). The goal: a process of ongoing improvement. Routledge.

 

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Analysis Of Children’s Toy/Game and Influence on Development (LEGO)

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Introduction

Lego is one of the most popular toys among children around the world (Page & Thorsteinsson, 2017). It comprises of a construction set of interlocking plastic bricks which are colorful. These bricks can be assembled in different ways to come up with various objects such as a robot, car, or even a house. Lego has remained relevant through generations since the 20th century, implying a unique factor to it (Page & Thorsteinsson, 2017). It is therefore important to analyze the significance of this toy on the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development of children.

 

Analysis of Lego Toys

The Lego toys have been categorized by age, thus different age brackets have different age brackets have diverse toys tailored to their needs (Lego, n.d). However, the main idea of the toy does not change. For instance, age 1-2 bracket has toys designed too big to avoid swallowing. When it comes to ages 3-5, the toys are designed to be a bit more challenging while those for ages 6-8 are more adventurous and action-packed. Then there are the bricks for ages 9-11, then the 12+ years which is for advanced builders (Lego, n.d.a). Thus the age range for Lego can be broadly classified as those for kids and for grown-ups. These toys are designed for both genders. There are, however, some that are tailored to construction sets that are tailored to meet girls’ interests such as those featuring characters that are female in different roles. The LEGO® Group, which is the company that produces these toys, has a mission of inspiring and developing the builders of tomorrow. They claim that Lego toys impact systematic creativity in children which enhances their innovation (Lego, n.d.b).

Toys have an influence on a Child’s development and Lego is not an exemption. When it comes to a child’s physical needs, these toys improve the fine motor skills of the children while enjoying playing with them. Lego entails stacking of bricks which improves the hand muscles coordination. This is in line with Piaget’s cognitive theory which introduced a stage theory of cognitive development. This theory suggests that children undergo a sensorimotor stage in which they attain an understanding of their environment through motor skills between birth and two years (Ahmad, Ch, Batool, Sittar, & Malik, 2016). Lack of this physical development might result in a child with poor body coordination.

Cognitive needs of a child entail the development of their thought processes. Lego toys encourage children to express their abstract thoughts into physical form while building objects. They also get to grasp concepts such as color, shapes, and sizes. Again, Piaget’s theory on stages of cognitive development applies here. Lego toys are designed in line with these four stages including sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational age groups (Ahmad et al., 2016).

Behavioral theories of development have shown a great link between environmental influences and behavior. It is for this reason that a child’s psychosocial needs to be highly regarded. Lego encourages kids to play together hence teamwork. It also awards them with a sense of achievement when they complete building a given structure. This is supported by Erikson’s Psychosocial development theory which puts forward that experiences and overcoming challenges such as those presented through Lego, can instill a lifelong virtue (Cherry, 2017).

Conclusion

Lego remains one of the major toys around the world. It offers a great contribution towards the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial needs of children in line with the development theories. Although it is a great toy, Lego can still manage to improve its toys to serve better the needs of children. One of the ways this can be achieved is through the introduction of toy versions that require teamwork to play with. This can go a long way in improving the psychosocial needs of the children.

 

References

Ahmad, S., Ch, A. H., Batool, A., Sittar, K., & Malik, M. (2016). Play and Cognitive Development: Formal Operational Perspective of Piaget’s Theory. Journal of Education and Practice, 7(28), 72-79.

 

Cherry, K. (2017). Erik Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Psychology. Psychosocial Theories. Päivitetty, 14, 2017.

 

Lego (n.d.a) Products by Age. Retrieved from https://www.lego.com/en-us/products/by-age

 

Lego (n.d.b) The LEGO Group.  Retrieved from https://www.lego.com/en-us/aboutus/lego-group

 

Page, T., & Thorsteinsson, G. (2017). Designing Toys to Support Children’s Development. i-Manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology, 11(2), 1.

 

Appendix

Lego Toy

Lego Toys (Courtesy of lego.com)

 

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Plant Organelle

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Name of Organelle Found in Plant,

Animal, or Both

 Function
Cell Wall Plant It offers Protection to the cell. It also provides support for the cell and  also allows the passage of materials into and out of the cell membrane

 
Cell Membrane Both It controls the substances that get into and out of the cell due to its selectively permeable nature. It also separates the cell from the external environment hence offering protection

 
Cytoplasm Both Provides a fluid environment where the cell organelles can float within
Mitochondrion Both It converts molecules of food into energy that can be used by the cell carry out its functions

 
Nucleus Both The nucleus is the control center of the cell. All the cell activities are directed from here such as metabolism. Furthermore, it also contains chromosomes which carry the genetic information.

 
Nucleolus Both Its main function is the production of ribosomes

 
Nuclear Membrane Both Provides protection to the nucleus and also allows materials to move in and out of the nucleus.

 
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Both Offers transportation within the cells and also synthesizes steroids and lipids.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Both Offers transportation of mainly proteins to other cell organelles and also synthesize proteins

 
Chloroplast Plants It is essential for photosynthesis, the process by which the sunlight energy is converted into food energy

 
Centrosome Animals They facilitate the organization of micro tubules within the cell which is significant in the process of cell division.

 
Golgi Body Both Temporarily stores proteins before releasing them to the rest of the cell organelles as well as outside the cell

 
Vacuole Both These are organelles that store materials such as sugar and water and at times, waste products.

 
Ribosome Both Produces proteins
Central Vacuole Plant Stores materials required by the cell such as food

 
Cilia Animal allow movement of substances over the cells and also receive sensory information for the cell

 
Flagellum Animal Also allows the movement of substances over the cells.

 
Lysosome Both Contains chemicals that facilitate the breaking down of materials within the cell such as old and worn out cell organelles.

 

 

 

 

 

 

2)
1)
Cell membrane receptor proteins
 Globular Proteins

Phospholipid Layer

For 1) and 2) in the picture above indicate whether they are hydrophobic or hydrophilic below.

1) Hydrophobic

2) Hydrophilic

 

DIFFUSION

 

Blood Vessel Gases

7% Carbon dioxide

6% Oxygen

 

 

 

 

 

—–– – – >  

Blood Vessel

Lung

 

 

Diffusion of a Solid in a Liquid

 

100% hot water
100%  sugar

 

 

Water Temperature Start Time Stop Time Total Time to Diffuse
Ice Water      
Room Temperature Water      
Hot Plate Water      

???Which temperature of water seemed to facilitate diffusion the best? _________Hot Plate Water_____________

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

OSMOSIS

Selectively permeable membrane

Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion.  It is the movement of a solvent through a differentially permeable (semipermeable) membrane.  Biologically, we are concerned with solutions dissolved in water.  When water is mixed with other molecules, this mixture is called a solution.  Water is the solvent and the dissolved substance is the solute.  In osmosis, we are not interested in what the solute is but only in the solvent (water) that can move across the membrane.  Discuss with your instructor the direction of water movement in the figure below.

 

 

 

10% Sodium Ions

 

 

 

 

 

 

  1. What is the percentage of solute in the left side of the container above? _____50%___________
  2. What is the percentage of solvent in the left side of the container? _____50%_____________
  3. What is the percentage of solute in the right side of the container on page 3? ___10%___________
  4. What is the percentage of solvent in the right side of the container on page 3? ______90%________
  5. Where is the water in higher concentration – the left or right side? ________Right________
  6. Draw an arrow to indicate the direction of water movement on the drawing on page 3.

 

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Effect of Temperature on Osmosis

Temperature Initial Weight 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes
40C          
Room Temp          
Ice Water          

USING LINE GRAPHS, Graph the effect of temperature on the RATE of osmosis (time vs. mass).  Be sure to give your graph a title, label both the X and Y axis, and include a legend.  Use 3 different colored pencils. Which temperature has the fastest rate of diffusion? _________40 C____________________________

Effect of Concentration on Osmosis

Repeat the construction of the differentially permeable bags as above working in 2 groups.  Construct 3 bags consisting of different concentrations of a molasses mixture according to the following specifications:

Bag 1:  25% molasses             Bag 2: 50% molasses              Bag 3: 75% molasses

Rinse and gently pat dry to measure and record the initial weigh of each bag.  To begin the experiment, place each of them in a container of tap water that is at room temperature.  Check their weight and fullness at 5-minute intervals for a period of 20 minutes.  Record all data below and graph your results (time vs. mass).

Concentration Initial Weight 5 minutes 10 minutes 15 minutes 20 minutes
25%          
50%          
75%          

Which concentration has the fastest rate of diffusion? ___________75%______________

 

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Chapter 9: Punishment to Fit Crime, but Keep it Quiet

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  1. Yes, the punishment did fit the crime but not adequately. Punishment for plagiarism varies with jurisdiction whereby it is mostly considered a misdemeanor by most state laws and a felony by others. However, one of the most effective punishments is to take away any gains made from plagiarized work. In this case, Marion Wallingford had her MPA degree taken away while Professor Wallingford retuned the salary increase he had received after publishing the article. However, more should have been done. Hence Marion Wallingford should have resigned from her job.
  2. No, it is not likely, that professor Henry Wallingford acted in good faith. While he may not have had prior knowledge about the works being plagiarized, his decision to work on the article was likely motivated by his gain, including building a good reputation and even obtaining a salary increase. The fact that his name appeared first on the article is enough proof. This is because the order of authors is dependent on the amount of contribution. Hence, Professor Wallingford’s name should have come in second, having made the lesser contribution.
  3. The reason for insisting that the matter be kept out of the press was to avoid damaging the reputation of the state college. If such a report reached the general public, it would put into question, the quality of education offered at the college.
  4. Yes the college could have disciplined a professor for disclosing information to the press on, let’s say the basis of a breach of confidentiality.
  5. No, Professor Geddes had no obligation to become directly involved in the case. He was indeed Marion’s major professor, and also kept the old term papers which were major evidence. However, he was not present at Marion’s paper defense hence he could not have stopped her.

 

  1. Yes, the Midwestern review of education should have been contacted by the college and informed of the situation and the necessary corrections. This would have included giving proper recognition for the right author of the article. It is neither fair nor right, that future readers will think that the paper was written by the Wallingfords.
  2. Yes, the university was obligated to ensure that amends were made to Dewey Frieze. This could have included notifying the Midwestern review of education, that Frieze was the actual author of the article in question. The university should also have asked the Wallingfords to offer Frieze a formal apology for plagiarizing his work
  3. No, if kept quiet the situation will not have any instruction value for student and professors. It is therefore necessary to make it available as a reference case study for future purposes to ensure that such an incidence does not repeat itself.
  4. No, the city manager was not correct. Marion Wallingford actions show that she lacks ethical conduct hence she may not carry out the duties assigned to her in a moral way. Her behavior is therefore related to her job and she should have lost it.

 

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Chapter Ten: Boss We’ve Got a Problem

  1. Yes, it was unethical. Upton’s statement did not count as an admission of guilt. At the same time, the village administrator had no right to pronounce Upton guilty as only a court of law can do this.
  2. Yes, the village administrator should have informed the village council of the situation immediately. This would have ensured broad consultations on the best course of action.

 

  1. No it was not appropriate. Tim Bell, the village administrator was likely to act emotionally and with bias given that Upton coached his son’s football team. Thus the matter should have been left to the police chief.
  2. No, by rehearsing their questions to the media, they were likely not to give the full truth, especially the details that would portray a bad image.
  3. No, it was not appropriate for the superintendent of schools to respond that it was not a concern of theirs. A case of child molestation should be a concern to the whole school fraternity.
  4. Yes, it was unethical. Despite Upton’s charges, he had worked hard to deserve his accumulated pay. The village administrator should have then gone ahead to pay Upton.
  5. No, it was not unethical. Given the nature of Upton’s charges, the village administrator was right not to reinstate him. Even if the majority of the council members had directed him to reinstate him, I still stick to my answer that Upton should not have been reinstated.

 

Chapter Eleven: Sometimes it’s Tough to Explain

  1. Yes, the city was obligated to fit wells back into the workforce as per the law. They were required to make the necessary arrangements and reasonable adjustments to enable Wells stay in work.
  2. No, although he could have probably performed the process server job, the position was already filled and it would have been unfair to remove the incumbent holder of the job.
  3. No, Wells should not have been fired after expending his time. Even though he was not able to report back to work, his sickness was justifiable and the doctors had said that he could return to work soon.

 

  1. Yes, the news media had an obligation to fully cover the story. Instead, they only covered it from Wells perspective hence presenting it as a case of victimization. Their failure to cover both sides introduced bias into the coverage and did not fully inform the general public.
  2. Yes, although they were not obligated to, the city should have put in some effort to find Wells a non-police job.

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Antisocial Personality Disorders and Criminal Behaviors

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Research Paper ON Antisocial Personality Disorders and Criminal Behaviors

Abstract

Of all the personality disorders described in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) has been found to have a higher relationship to criminal behavior. This research paper aims to find out why this is the case. The paper achieves this through gaining a deeper understanding of ASPD and its symptoms, thoroughly researching on prison statistics, and digging deeper into the biological factors that lead to this link between ASPD and Criminal behaviors. This paper found that the correctional system is filled with persons diagnosed with ASPD. It also found that their criminal behavior is as a result of the symptoms of the disorder which are deeply rooted in genetics and by far, childhood mistreatment

Antisocial Personality Disorders and Criminal Behaviors

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Before going on to demonstrate the relationship between antisocial personality disorders (ASPD) and criminal behaviors, it is essential to understand this personality disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) lists ten personality disorders in three different clusters. Among these disorders is ASPD. Broadly speaking, personality disorders are mental disorders that are mainly characterized by an unhealthy pattern of thinking. Further research reveals more characteristics such as patterns of thinking that are unhealthy and rigid. Relating to situations also becomes difficult for people with a personality disorder. The fact that these are mental disorders raises the question of their relation to mental illnesses. Personality disorders and mental illnesses are commonly confused. A further look at this issue shows that their difference lies in the medical definition of the two terms: disease and disorder. Also, in the context of offenders, those with personality disorders are more likely to re-offend than the mentally ill offenders after discharge from the hospital.

In their book, McMurran and Howard (2009) report personality disorders are associated with violence. They, however, clarify that not all persons with personality disorders are violent (McMurran and Howard, 2009: 6). The relationship between personality disorders and violence is strongly observed in people with ASPD which often translates to criminal behavior. To understand this relationship, one has to understand the very characteristics and criteria that define ASPD.

DSM-5 Criteria for ASPD

People with ASPD tend to disregard and violate the rights of others. This behavior commonly manifests as aggression and hostility to others. Persons with ASPD have also been found to be very manipulative and deceitful. The symptoms of this disorder cannot, however, be generalized as they have been found to vary in severity. They, therefore, range from less harmful to dangerous behavior patterns that are sociopathic or psychopathic. DSM-5 provides criteria that must be met while diagnosing ASPD. One of these criteria is a significant impairment in personality functioning, which can be observed in two ways including impairment in self-functioning and in interpersonal functioning. Persons with ASPD tend to be ego-centric and mainly derive their self-esteem from power, pleasure, and their own personal gain. When it comes to interpersonal functioning, they tend to lack empathy or intimacy. The lack of remorse after hurting or mistreating other people is a major characteristic. Intimidation and coercion become a means of controlling others. DSM-5 further states that antagonism and disinhibition are pathological personal traits that also define ASPD. Antagonism is characterized by deceitfulness, hostility, callousness, and being manipulative. Disinhibition, on the other hand, is characterized by irresponsibility, risk-taking, and impulsivity. It is also essential to note that only persons over the age of 18 can be diagnosed with ASPD (American Psychiatric Association, 2012).

Risk Factors for ASPD

Despite the fact that ASPD can only be diagnosed for persons over the age of 18, the disorder may start to manifest itself at a much younger age during childhood. In such a case, it is diagnosed as a conduct disorder characterized by hostile-aggressive deceitful behaviors. Conduct disorder is considered as a risk factor for ASPD. Other risk factors include having a family history of ASPD or other personality disorders and experiencing a violent and unstable family life during childhood. Children who are subjected to neglect or abuse are also likely to develop ASPD later on in life. The actual causes of ASPD are still being investigated. Numerous studies, though, have found certain genes to play a major role in the development of ASPD in an individual. Changes in the brain during its development have also been found to result in ASPD (Edens, Kelley, Lilienfeld, Skeem, & Douglas, 2015). To further understand the violence in persons with ASPD, it is important to not only look at the risk factors, but also take a closer look at a behavior commonly associated with them. This behavior is the abuse of drugs that calls for research on the link between ASPD and drug use.

ASPD and Drug Addiction

Majority of individuals diagnosed with ASPD have been found to abuse drugs or alcohol. It is therefore not very surprising that almost all these individuals suffer from a comorbid substance addiction. Such behavior only serves to increase their problems socially and even with the law. Addictions that persons with ASPD commonly face include alcohol, opioids such as prescription painkillers and heroin, stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, sedatives, hallucinogens, as well as marijuana. Given that majority of these drugs such as heroin and cocaine are illegal, they become one of the reasons for criminal charges for persons with ASPD. They as well increase their violent behavior.

 

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ASPD and Criminality

ASPD in Prisons

In a study by Lang et al., (2015) that used a Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS), it was found that the short-term prisoners with ASPD scored significantly higher marks on the BIS scale than the prisoners without ASPD (Lang, Otte, Vasic, Jäger, & Dudeck, 2015). BIS is used widely as a measure of impulsiveness and is divided into first-order and second-order factors. Such factors include self-control, motor, attention, non-planning impulsiveness, among several others. It has been very significant in shaping theories of impulse control (Reise, Moore, Sabb, Brown, & London, 2013). In yet another research done in various prisons in twelve different western countries, it was found that the prevalence of ASPD among prisoners was very high. 65% of male prisoners and 42% of the female prisoners were found to be suffering from a personality disorder. Of these cases, ASPD accounted for 47% of the males and 21% for the females (Fazel & Danesh, 2002). The rate of recidivism was also found to be very high for offenders diagnosed with ASPD as compared to that of offenders without ASPD (Shepherd, Campbell, & Ogloff, 2016). McMurran & Howard, (2009) state that a half of the people diagnosed with ASPD have a criminal record. Another study involving 320 newly incarcerated offenders, found that 35.3 % of them had ASPD. It was also found that most of these offenders with ASPD were younger, they were moody, anxious, abused substances, and also had a higher suicide rate (Black, Gunter, Loveless, Allen, Sieleni, 2010). It is therefore clear that persons suffering from ASPD are very likely to end up in prisons. The big question, therefore, is why they end up in prisons. Which are the crimes that they are likely to be convicted of?

Crimes Committed by Individuals diagnosed with ASPD

Due to the aggressive nature of persons with ASPD, they are mostly convicted of crimes relating to violence. This can range from domestic violence to devastating crimes such as murders involving mass shootings. In fact, several of the serial killers in history were diagnosed with ASPD. Their crimes were so gruesome that they can be described as completely inhumane. Robert Black, for instance, was a Scottish serial killer as well as a pedophile convicted of the kidnap, rape, and murder of for girls between the young ages of 5 to 11. In this case where a person commits such heinous acts, then they are referred to as psychopaths. It is therefore important to note that not all persons diagnosed with ASPD are capable of being serial killers. This, therefore, calls for a closer look at the distinction between psychopathy and ASPD. Other than cases related to violence, such people are also likely to be convicted of illegal drug abuse as well as cases of theft (Black et al., 2010).

Psychopathy and ASPD

According to Verona and Patrick (2015), psychopathy, also referred to as psychopathic personality is a condition related to ASPD. However, a major difference lies in their definition. Primarily, ASPD is defined in terms of aggressiveness, impulsive, and illicit behaviors. On the other hand, psychopathy entails impulsive-antisocial behavior combined with emotional insensitivity, cruelty, and a forceful social style (Veronica and Patrick, 2015). In a different study, it was found that the two words are commonly used synonymously which is incorrect. This study describes psychopathy as containing all the characteristics of ASPD. Psychopaths thus fall under the DSM-5 criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder. On top of that, psychopaths unlike persons with ASPD will use cold-blooded violence to attain their ends if necessary (LaBrode, 2007). Using these descriptions, then it is correct to sum it up that all individuals with Psychopathy have ASPD but not all those with ASPD are psychopathic. Furthermore, Veronica and Patrick (2015), further explain that different instruments are applied for the two disorders. In the case of psychopathy, the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) is the instrument that has dominated contemporary research in this field of psychopathy. ASPD on the other hand mainly utilizes the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS).

Understanding why Individuals with ASPD possess criminal behaviors

So far, this research has established that indeed, ASPD is linked to criminality. The statistics from studies conducted in prisons are a clear indication of this fact. Also, the DSM-5 criteria for ASPD list behavior that is likely to lead to criminal acts. It has also been determined that persons suffering from ASPD are likely to abuse multiple types of dangerous drugs that further increase their likelihood of committing a crime. On top of this knowledge, to completely understanding why people with ASPD commit a crime, it is imperative that one understands the biology behind the criminal behavior. It has already been stated that one of the causes of ASPD is genetics and hence this requires more scrutiny.

Genetics as a Cause of Criminal Behavior in Persons with ASPD.

When it comes to genetics, it has been found that the MAOA gene is highly linked to children with Conduct Disorder and Adults with ASPD. The MAOA gene is responsible for encoding the Monoamine oxidase A enzyme (MAO-A). Children who are mistreated and possess a low activity of the allele of the MAOA gene are likely to develop ASPD and consequently violent behavior as adults (McMurran & Howard, 2009). It has also been discovered that there are differences in structure and function of persons with the low activity of the allele of MAOA gene. Such people also exhibit diminished activity in parts of their brains that are known to regulate emotional responses. These areas include the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal regions of the cortex. They also display excess activity in the limbic and paralimbic areas including the amygdala and insula (Denson, Dobson-Stone, Ronay, von Hippel, & Schira, 2014).

The MAO-A enzyme, encoded by the MAOA gene, is one of the mitochondrial enzymes that catalyze the oxidative deamination of amines (Denson et al., 2014). Examples of such amines include norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. These three substances have different functions in the body. Norepinephrine has the general function of mobilizing the brain as well as the body in general for action. This response is commonly referred to as the fight-or-flight response. Dopamine has several functions in the body. Other than being a neurotransmitter, dopamine plays a major functional role in reward-motivated behavior. Finally, serotonin is a major contributor to the feelings of happiness and wellbeing. Given the important functions of these substances, it is clear to see why persons with ASPD are likely to behave aggressively. Low levels of serotonin have been found to result in impulsive and reactive violence (Lang et al., 2015).

Another gene relevant in persons with ASPD is the 5-HTT gene. This gene is also known as the serotonin-transporter given that it transports serotonin. The short variant of this gene leads to a decreased uptake of serotonin (Palma-Gudiel & Fañanás, 2017). The result is the likelihood of development of depression. This offers one of the explanations on why persons with ASPD are likely to abuse drugs such as alcohol and cocaine to counter their feelings of depression. Multiple studies are conclusive that the serotonergic system is heavily involved in reactive impulsive violence (McMurran & Howard, 2009). Although certain people are born with these genetic conditions of the 5-HTT and MAOA gene, this is not the case always. It has been found that in some cases, such genetic changes might take place during early childhood growth. For instance, when a child faces abuse and other forms of mistreatment, they may develop these genetic changes that are characteristic of conduct disorder and later on ASPD (Lang et al., 2015).

McMurran and Howard (2009) argue that persons with such disorder in serotonin tend to be chronically hyper-reactive towards their environments (McMurran & Howard, 2009). They also tend to views others as hostile hence violence is a response to a feeling of being threatened. It is however of significance to note that the causes of ASPD and its related violence are not clear yet and are mainly hypothesis. This means that causes vary from one individual to another. People with ASPD with also not react the same in a given situation. Some may react more violence than others. Despite the differences, their aggression and impulsiveness culminate in criminal behaviors that result in them being convicted.

Conclusion

Antisocial Personality disorder has a strong link to criminal behaviors. Persons with ASPD possess traits such as callousness, deceitfulness, hostility, impulsivity, a lack of remorse among other characteristics that lead them to commit a crime. although the law may not recognize their crime as a result of a disorder, the truth is that it is not entirely their fault, rather it is a combination of genetic and childhood mistreatment factors which leads them to develop ASPD and consequently venture into a life of crime.

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2012). DSM-IV and DSM-5 Criteria for the Personality Disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.

Black, D.W., Gunter, T., Loveless, P., Allen, J., Sieleni, B. (2010). Antisocial personality disorder in incarcerated offenders: Psychiatric comorbidity and quality of life. Annals Of Clinical Psychiatry

Denson, T. F., Dobson-Stone, C., Ronay, R., von Hippel, W., & Schira, M. M. (2014). A functional polymorphism of the MAOA gene is associated with neural responses to induced anger control. Journal of cognitive neuroscience, 26(7), 1418-1427.

Edens, J. F., Kelley, S. E., Lilienfeld, S. O., Skeem, J. L., & Douglas, K. S. (2015). DSM-5 antisocial personality disorder: Predictive validity in a prison sample. Law and human behavior, 39(2), 123.

Fazel, S., & Danesh, J. (2002). Serious mental disorder in 23 000 prisoners: a systematic review of 62 surveys. The lancet, 359(9306), 545-550.

LaBrode, R. T. (2007). Etiology of the psychopathic serial killer: An analysis of antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and serial killer personality and crime scene characteristics. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 7(2), 151.

Lang, F. U., Otte, S., Vasic, N., Jäger, M., & Dudeck, M. (2015). Impulsiveness among short-term prisoners with antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatrische Praxis, 42(5), 274-277.

McMurran, M., & Howard, R. (Eds.). (2009). Personality, personality disorder and violence: An evidence based approach (Vol. 38). John Wiley & Sons.

 

Palma-Gudiel, H., & Fañanás, L. (2017). An integrative review of methylation at the serotonin transporter gene and its dialogue with environmental risk factors, psychopathology and 5-HTTLPR. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 72, 190-209.

Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., Sabb, F. W., Brown, A. K., & London, E. D. (2013). The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale–11: Reassessment of its structure in a community sample. Psychological assessment, 25(2), 631.

Shepherd, S. M., Campbell, R. E., & Ogloff, J. R. (2016). Psychopathy, antisocial personality disorder, and reconviction in an Australian sample of forensic patients. International journal of offender therapy and comparative criminology, 0306624X16653193.

Verona, E., & Patrick, C. J. (2015). Psychobiological aspects of antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and violence. Psychiatric Times, 32

 

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